You mention 2 completely different topics, although you don't know it. The classic 8 bit color depth, sdr ("standard dynamic range"), picks the most commonly used color and brightness range and assigns values from 0..255 for this range. This range excludes very dark colors you only perceive at night or in a dark room, and it excludes very bright colors you see if you're standing in full sunlight. If you record a video and the camera includes the sun, the sun appears just like a lightbulb in the video because the brightness range is rather limited.
Now about full/limited color range. In "full" color range, the numbers from 0..255 are used to represent color values. In "limited" color range, the numbers from 16..235 are used for the same range, so the colors look a little bit more banded, but only if you look very thoroughly.
Almost all videos you see on Youtube and every other video streaming service are in sdr (8 bit) color depth, and Youtube recodes every sdr video to limited color range. You will not really notice the difference between full and limited. The reason for limited color range is data compression. Limited can be better compressed, so more bandwidth is available for all pixels in general, so the overall quality is usually improved over full color range. At least with the rather small bandwidth of video streaming services. Might be surprising, but that's the case.
Finally, and that's about how using limited mode fixed your issue: limited is the default for all media. Proper detection of full color range is not supported by all media players, and it's also dependent on the encoder. So it happens full colors are often falsely interpreted as limited colors by media players, and this results in video being too dark and too bright at the same time, because the lowest 16 colors and the highest 16 colors are simply thrown away.
10 bit color depth for display means hdr ("high dynamic range") mode. That's rather new and only a few apps actually output hdr. A few games, not much more. It's a display mode you can show a much wider brightness range. The sun on a hdr video will really look bright on a hdr monitor, much brighter than a lightbulb. The way a hdr color value is stored as a number is fundamentally different to how it is in sdr mode.
However, chances are good you never saw hdr content on your PC except perhaps the short demo video you can watch if you look at the Windows hdr settings. Even if you activate hdr in Windows, all content from all your apps will not magically change to hdr. Only apps explicitly outputting hdr will really be hdr. Everything else will still output sdr, scaled to hdr, which looks awfully pale and somewhat faded and covered with a white haze. So you will continue to run Windows in sdr mode and record with 8 bit color depth as long as you don't actually want to run an app that really creates hdr images.
